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In the high-Arctic, moss tundra vegetation functions as hot spot of primary production and plant and herbivore diversity. The likely cumulative effect of herbivores and warming climate may drive the whole ecosystem from a moss-dominated system towards a herbaceous dominated system.

Moss tundra is vegetation dominated by graminoids or forbs growing in a thick moss carpet. Moss tundra is formed in moist slopes and concave terrain forms. The forming and maintenance of such vegetation, and its functions, is inherently tied to the influence from both allocthonous inputs from sea birds, and to the activities of large herbivores. This kind of vegetation is crucially important for the successful functioning of the entire land-based ecosystem. A moss carpet holds the soil cool and the plants are the foundation on which the terrestrial food web rests.

 

Expected climate impact

Climatic warming is likely to drive moss tundra towards a dominance of herbaceous plants. Herbivores can drive the vegetation towards the same direction as climate warming; less moss and more herbaceuous plants dominance. In combination with disturbance from herbivores that disrupt or remove moss layer, the climate impact can increase soil temperature and permafrost thaw depth. In extreme cases of disturbance, open patches with degraded vegetation cover develop.

 

 

The likely cumulative effect of herbivores and warming climate may drive the whole ecosystem from a moss-dominated, cool soil, shallow permafrost, slow nutrient cycling system towards a herbaceous dominated system with warmer soil, deeper permafrost and faster cycling system. In coastal tundra, ornithogenic inputs from migratory birds that are also influenced by climate change may influence the direction of these ecosystem changes. The moss tundra module focuses on climate responses in quantity and quality of vascular plant species and functional groups, moss depth, erosion and de-vegetated areas, and plant community extent. 

 

Management relevance

The degree of management influence on moss tundra is hence currently low, but the situation is prone to change given management of human traffic, migratory birds and introduced plants may change in adapting to future conditions.

 

Monitoring methods

Moss tundra is monitored using a combination of field monitoring in several valleys and peninsulas on Nordenskiöld Land and on the central westcoast of Spitsbergen. Remote sensing is used for a selection of the variables, to ensure landscape scale coverage. The protocol for integrating field based measures of the plants, the herbivores and climate is currently under development, alongside with the remote sensing for up-scaling.

Moss tundra monitoring is integrated with monitoring of plant phenology (vegetation greenness and onset of spring), pink-footed goose grubbing impact, ice damage, and snow in the landscape surrounding the moss tundra vegetation.

COAT CASE STORY which addresses the importance of vegetation monitoring on Svalbard and summarizes the module's first monitoring year.

Moss tundra covers slopes and plains in the big walleyes on Nordenskiöld Land and occurs under bird cliffs along the entire coast of Svalbard. Moss tundra plays an important role for the biological diversity and in the functioning of the tundra ecosystem as a whole even though it covers only a small part of Svalbards land area. Photo: Cornelia Jaspers/Norwegian Polarinstitute

One of mosstundra modules assessment areas in Adventdalen. Photo: Jakob Assmann/Norwegian Polarinstitute

Damage on mosstundra from goose grubbing. Photo: Cornelia Jaspers/Norwegian Polarinstitute

Module members

Module leader
Researcher,Norwegian Polar Institute
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Researcher,Norwegian Polar Institute
Associate Professor, UNIS - The University Centre in Svalbard
Professor, University of Aberdeen
PhD, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway
Researcher,Norwegian Polar Institute
Researcher, UiT - Arctic university of Norway
PhD student, UiT - Arctic university of Norway

 

Selected papers

Isabell Eischeid, Eeva M. Soininen, Jakob J. Assmann, Rolf A. Ims, Jesper Madsen, Åshild Ø. Pedersen, Francesco Pirotti, Nigel G. Yoccoz, Virve T. Ravolainen
Disturbance Mapping in Arctic Tundra Improved by a Planning Workflow for Drone Studies: Advancing Tools for Future Ecosystem Monitoring
Remote Sens. (2021) 13(21)4466 
Virve Ravolainen, Eeva M. Soininen, Ingibjörg Svala Jónsdóttir, Isabell Eischeid, Mads Forchhammer, René van der Wal, Åshild Ø. Pedersen
High Arctic ecosystem states: Conceptual models of vegetation change to guide long-term monitoring and research
Ambio (2020) 49:666